While much has been written and studied about such energy solutions as solar energy, wind energy and biofuels, there has not been enough written about a clean energy solution that, besides solving global warming, also stands to solve freshwater depletion, deliver convenient round-the-clock water and energy, and replace two infrastructures with one integrated system of pipes.
The solution is Hydrogen Transmission Network (HTN). The Hydrogen Transmission Network will use solar energy to perform electrolysis of ocean water and send the resulting hydrogen through pipes to all places of energy and water consumption, there to react with oxygen in the air to create clean energy and clean water at once. The hydrogen will be plentiful and available around the clock, delivering convenience to the user. No carbon will be involved in the process at any stage... More=>
_________________________*******************_________________________
Solar
Solar Radiation Basics
Solar radiation is a general term for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. We can capture and convert solar radiation into useful forms of energy, such as heat and electricity, using a variety of technologies. The technical feasibility and economical operation of these technologies at a specific location depends on the available solar radiation or solar resource.
This solar thermal power plant located in the Mojave Desert in Kramer Junction, California, is one of nine such plants built in the 1980s. During operation, oil in the receiver tubes collects the concentrated solar energy as heat and is pumped to a power block (in background) for generating electricity.
Basic Principles
Every location on Earth receives sunlight at least part of the year. The amount of solar radiation that reaches any one "spot" on the Earth's surface varies according to these factors:
- Geographic location
- Time of day
- Season
- Local landscape
- Local weather.
Because the Earth is round, the sun strikes the surface at different angles ranging from 0º (just above the horizon) to 90º (directly overhead). When the sun's rays are vertical, the Earth's surface gets all the energy possible. The more slanted the sun's rays are, the longer they travel through the atmosphere, becoming more scattered and diffuse. Because the Earth is round, the frigid polar regions never get a high sun, and because of the tilted axis of rotation, these areas receive no sun at all during part of the year.... More=>
_________________________*******************_________________________
Wind
How Wind Turbines Work
Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetation. Humans use this wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even generating electricity.
The terms wind energy or wind power describes the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.
GE Wind Energy's 3.6 megawatt wind turbine is one of the largest prototypes ever erected. Larger wind turbines are more efficient and cost effective.... More=>
_________________________*******************_________________________
Geothermal
Geothermal Power
In the United States, geothermal energy has been used to generate electricity on a large-scale since 1960. Through research and development, geothermal power is becoming more cost effective and competitive with fossil fuels.
Heat from the Earth—geothermal energy—heats water that has seeped into underground reservoirs. These reservoirs can be tapped for a variety of uses, depending on the temperature of the water. The energy from high temperature reservoirs (225º–600ºF) can be used to produce electricity. There are currently three types of geothermal power plants:
Dry SteamDry steam plants use steam from underground wells to rotate a turbine, which activates a generator to produce electricity. There are only two known underground resources of steam in the United States: The Geysers in northern California and Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park. Since Yellowstone is protected from development, the power plants at The Geysers are the only dry steam plants in the country.
Flash StreamThe most common type of geothermal power plant, flash steam plants use waters at temperatures greater than 360ºF. As this hot water flows up through wells in the ground, the decrease in pressure causes some of the water to boil into steam. The steam is then used to power a generator and any leftover water and condensed steam is returned to the reservoir... More=>
_________________________*******************_________________________
_________________________*******************_________________________
Hydro Electric
How Hydropower Works
Hydropower is using water to power machinery or make electricity. Water constantly moves through a vast global cycle, evaporating from lakes and oceans, forming clouds, precipitating as rain or snow, then flowing back down to the ocean. The energy of this water cycle, which is driven by the sun, can be tapped to produce electricity or for mechanical tasks like grinding grain. Hydropower uses a fuel—water—that is not reduced or used up in the process. Because the water cycle is an endless, constantly recharging system, hydropower is considered a renewable energy.
The Water (Hydrologic) Cycle
When flowing water is captured and turned into electricity, it is called hydroelectric power or hydropower. There are several types of hydroelectric facilities; they are all powered by the kinetic energy of flowing water as it moves downstream. Turbines and generators convert the energy into electricity, which is then fed into the electrical grid to be used in homes, businesses, and by industry.
Types of Hydropower Plants
..... More=>
_________________________*******************_________________________
Biomass
Biomass Energy or BiopowerBiomass electrical generation or biopower is second only to hydropower as a renewable energy source.Most electricity generated using biomass today is by direct combustion using conventional boilers. These boilers burn primarily waste wood products generated by the agriculture and wood-processing industries. When burned, the wood waste produces steam, which is used to spin a turbine. The spinning turbine activates a generator that produces electricity. Many coal-fired power plants also add biomass to their coal-burning process (i.e., co-firing) to reduce the emissions produced by burning the coal.
Advanced Pyrolytic System, waste to energy plant
A more viable and environmentally-friendly alternative to a covenantal biomass plant is a “waste-to-energy” system known as the Advanced Pyrolytic System (APS). Pyrolysis is a process that chemically decomposes organic materials by heat in the absence of oxygen and typically occurs under pressure and at operating temperatures above 430 degrees Celsius.... More=>
